Progress in battery safety modeling

Abstract Battery safety is a critical factor in the design of electrified vehicles. As such, understanding battery responses under extreme conditions have gained lot interest. Previously, abuse tolerance tests were applied to measure metrics different types batteries. Nevertheless, conducting these various usually expensive and time consuming. Computational modeling, on other hand, provides an efficient cost-effective tool evaluate performance during abuse, therefore has been widely used optimizing system design. In this Perspective, we discuss main progresses challenges modeling. particular, divide models into two groups according stage typical failure process. The first group focuses predicting batteries scenarios, while second one aims hazard after onset like thermal runaway. Although serve purposes, they are intercorrelated their combination better process system. framework, capabilities, limitations each presented here. building future development applications also discussed.